How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane on takeoff?

Frost can significantly impact the aerodynamic properties of an airplane's wings. When frost forms, it creates a rough surface on the lifting surfaces of the wings, which disrupts the smooth airflow necessary for generating lift. As a result, the presence of frost may prevent the airplane from becoming airborne at its normal takeoff speed.

For an aircraft to achieve the required lift, the airflow over the wings must be unobstructed and smooth. Frost interrupts this airflow, leading to a potential stall before the aircraft can reach the necessary airspeed for takeoff, which can result in the aircraft failing to lift off safely.

In contrast, options that suggest frost changes the camber of the wing or enhances airflow are misleading, as frost actually impairs those aerodynamic qualities instead. Therefore, understanding the adverse effects of frost is crucial for pilots in ensuring safe takeoff conditions.